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Plane Crashes, Corruption, and the National Security of
Nigeria
By Priye S. Torulagha
Indeed, life is unpredictable. No
one is certainly sure of what will happen in the next minute or hour. The uncertainty is multiplied when a plane is
involved since it is a machinery that defies gravity by flying like a bird,
despite its heavy weight. Since it
defies gravity, its chance of crashing down is very high compare to other modes
of transportation. Therefore, it is
always a great gamble when people fly from one destination to another through
the air by planes. In this regard, once
in a while, a plane will crash somewhere in the world. This was exactly what happened in Nigeria on
Sunday, September 17, 2006 when a military plane crashed, killing about twelve
of the country’s senior Army officers (Ajani, Ajayi, & Ighodaro, September
19, 2005).
As stated above, it is expected that a craft that operates by defying
gravity is most likely to experience a high degree of crashes. When that happens, those aboard pay either
with their lives or sustain severe physical injuries. Even if someone escapes the crash without any
physical injury, the psychological impact can be devastating. This being the case, it is very easy to
rationalize that the Dornier 228 military plane that crashed in Vandekiya local
government area of Benue State was unfortunate to have crashed that day. Similarly, it is very easy to say that the
victims were unfortunate that the plane crashed that day and leave the issue
alone.
However, as much as one endeavors to rationalize that the
plane crash was an unfortunate incident, there is a tempting desire to probe
more, considering the caliber of the passengers and the frequent incidents of
plane crashes in Nigeria. Consequently,
this writer succumbs, if that is the right word to describe the feeling, to the
temptation to probe more into the implications pertaining to the crash, even
though, as stated above, it is expected that once in a while, a plane will crash
somewhere.
In order to probe more, the following points are raised: (1) there seems
to be more to the plane crash than meets the eye, (2) the deaths of senior army
officers in the plane crash is indicative of the fact that Nigeria does not have
a well-articulated national security plan, (3) frequent plane crashes in Nigeria
is directly related to the high rate of corruption in the country, and (4) due
to conflicting political interests emanating from the effects of corruption, it
appears that President Olusegun Obasanjo is increasingly unsure about the war on
corruption.
1. There is more to the plane
crash than meets the eye
Although, there is a great possibility that the plane crashed due to poor
weather conditions, however, one could detect a systemic pattern of plane
crashes, particularly involving military officers. To a great extent, this crash reminds one of
the Ejigbo plane crash which took place in or around Lagos when Gen. Ibrahim
Babangida was in power in September 1992.
It should be recalled that a group of military officers (mostly majors
and Lt. Colonels) were aboard a plane taking off from the Murtala Mohammed
Airport in Lagos when the plane crashed
and killed about 190 people, mostly military officers (China Economic Net,
September 19, 2006). They were supposed
to either attend a training program or a conference. After the plane crashed, rumors spread that
some of the officers were alive for sometime before they passed away due to lack
of immediate search and rescue effort.
The plane crashed at night and there was no major effort by the federal
government to carry out rescue operations until the following day. Even the armed forces were not fully
mobilized to conduct rescue operations that night. By the time the rescue operation began in
full force the following day, almost all the military officers had died. Similarly, this crash too involved military
officers that were going on a conference and were aboard a single plane, despite
their high ranks.
Based on previous military plane crashes, as indicated above, this crash
raises many questions. Why was it
necessary for these top army officers to meet in Obudu when Abuja where most of
them are stationed, would have been logistically much easier for all of them to
meet without having to fly in the same plane?
Was the crash purely an unfortunate incident or a premeditated one
intended to eliminate them, perhaps, to reduce the chances of them carrying out
a military coup? Had anyone had an axe
to grind against the officers? Was the
crash intended to reduce the number of senior army officers? Was the plane a used one and was it well
maintained? Is Nigeria’s military
aviation has porous as the nation’s civilian aviation, with lack of modern
meteorological equipment to direct planes?
Is corruption a factor in the purchasing of military aircrafts and
equipments?
In all probability, Nigeria’s armed and police forces are not equipped at
all to function effectively due to lack of concern emanating from corruption.
Similarly, due to corruption, it seems that the aviation industry is severely
under-equipped to detect weather conditions and redirect planes away from bad
weather situations.
Indeed, it is very difficult to make sense about any event in Nigeria due
to the poisonous effect of corruption.
There are many Nigerians who believe that soldiers and police officers
have become the cannon-fodder for those who want to be in power and embezzle as
much as possible from the national treasury.
For instance, one Mrs. Eze has alleged that her late husband, a sergeant,
was sent on a secret mission to escort an oil barge in the Niger Delta and he
opposed the idea. It should be recalled
that during the Warri wars, the Ijaws repeatedly alleged that soldiers and naval
personnel were engaged in escorting barges intended for oil bunkering. Due to the high level of uncertainty, it is
not improper for some Nigerians to theorize or assume that there was more to the
plane crash than meets the eye.
Moreover, since corruption reared its ugly head in a big way in the
country, Nigeria has basically been ruled through manipulation. A manipulative leadership style generates
great uncertainties as the leaders try to hide their secret financial
deals. Therefore, the crash of a
military plane carrying senior army officers raises all kinds of alarms.
2. The deaths of senior army
officers in the plane crash is indicative of the fact that Nigeria does not have
a well-articulated national security plan.
It is difficult to accept the fact that about twelve
senior military officers were allowed to fly in the same plane. Any well-governed country with clearly
identifiable national security policy goals would have made sure that a group of
its most senior military officers are not allowed by policy to fly in the same
plane even though they were going to the same destination. The fact that these high-level officers were
allowed to fly in the same plane without anyone expressing concern about the
national security risk showed a lack of national security consciousness among
high level decisionmakers in the nation.
Due to their level of importance to the nation, each of the officers
would have been transported to the Obudu Ranch in separate flights so as to
ensure their safety and the national security of the nation. At most, not more than three senior military
officers would have been allowed to fly in the same plane, considering the fact
that a mishap can happen anytime. Thus,
the army and airforce would have made every effort to transport the officers to
their destination without putting all of them in one plane. Consequently, Gram Bolaji Osborne, a PDP’s
presidential aspirant is right on target when he
“faulted the federal government over the recent
air crash that claimed the lives of eight generals amongst others arguing that a
policy preventing more than three commanding army officers from travelling in
one aircraft should have been promulgated since the Ejigbo mishap many years
ago” (This Day, September 29, 2006)
By failing to realize the danger of putting top leaders
of the army in one plane, Nigeria lost tremendously. Even during actual combat, it is rare to
have two or three top military generals killed in one encounter by an enemy
force. Unfortunately, without any war,
Nigeria assisted by default, the elimination of critical officers of the army,
including Maj. Gen.S.O. Otubu, the Chief of Policy and Plans, Maj. Gen. J.O.
Agboola, the Military Secretary, Maj. Gen. S.M. Lemu, Chief of Army
Administration, Maj. Gen. J.T.U. Ahmedu, the Head of the Department of Standards
and Evaluation, Maj. Gen. A.N. Bamali,
the General Officer Commanding the 2nd Division, Maj. Gen. J.O.
Adesunloye, the Chief of Staff of 81 Division, Maj. Gen. P.M. Haruna, Maj. Gen.
B. Daniya. Brig. Gen. Y.J. Braimah, and Brig. M.B. Bawa. Other military officers included Lt. Col.
N.A. Mohammed, Wing Commander E.O. Adekunle (Ajani, Ajayi & Ighodaro,
September 19, 2006). This means that the country has a severe national security
problem.
As a result of the incredulous manner in which Nigeria sacrificed the
officers through reckless disregard for the nation’s security, some Nigerians
are theorizing that the crash was intentionally staged to reduce the number of
potential troublemakers who might plan or stage a military coup or interfere
with the coming elections in 2007. One
could also recall that some Nigerians had theorized that the officers who died
in the Ejigbo plane crash during Gen. Babangida’s era were condemned to their
fate by military leaders in an attempt to reduce the number of potential ‘coup
plotters’ or ‘troublemakers in the army.’
PDP presidential aspirant, Mr. Osborne, alluded to this allegation when
he said:
“allegation that Babangida was
behind the accident of Ejibgo many years back
should
be fully investigated and if it is true such people and their surrogates
should
not be trusted with leadership” (This Day, September 29, 2006).
Although, there
seems to be no iota of factual evidence to support the conspiratorial theory,
yet, the pattern of plane crashes and the tendency to load a single plane with
so many military officers seem to reinforce the perspective that such plane
crashes are indeed tactical efforts by the government to eliminate potential
‘troublemakers.’
An interesting thing about military plane crashes in Nigeria is that the
crashes tend to involve mostly groups of army officers. Additionally, the crashes tend to involve
groups of officers who are being transported to some destination, either for
training or a conference. This raises
the conspiratorial meter to a very high level since most coups in the country
have been staged by army officers.
Moreover, as the country is badly governed, the danger of an
unpredictable upheaval emanating from the armed forces, particularly the army,
can be very worrisome to political leaders, hence, the believability of the
conspiratorial theory.
Nigeria has many governmental organizations geared toward the gathering
of intelligence. They include the State
Security Service, the Directorate of Military Intelligence, the Criminal
Investigation Department, and others. In
addition, each armed and police service also has a unit designed to provide
intelligence and security. It is mind
boggling that none of these intelligence and security services warned or advised
against putting the country’s top army leaders in one plane, especially,
considering the fact that over 170 military officers had died in a plane crash
in 1992.
Another possible reason for putting so many high ranking army officers in
one plane could be that both the airforce and the army have a very limited
number of aircrafts (planes and helicopters), following systematic lack of
investment in such equipments. It could
also be that they have many aircrafts but most are not airworthy due to lack of
maintenance, arising from the embezzlement of maintenance funds.
3. Frequent plane crashes in
Nigeria is directly related to the high rate of corruption in the
country.
The most plausible reason for frequent plane crashes,
whether involving military or civilian, is corruption. Corruption comes through lack of regulation
of the aviation industry, the purchasing of old planes that others have
condemned to the junk yard, and pilfering of funds that would have been used to
buy new planes and maintain them. In
Nigeria, it appears that the primary motive for many people wanting to be in
government is to acquire personal wealth through embezzlement of public
funds. In order to accumulate wealth,
anyone could be sacrificed if he or she stands in the way, including military
generals. Similarly, illegal wealth
accumulation entails not building or rehabilitating roads, hospitals, schools,
airports, and buying used planes, buses, equipments, medicines etc. It also means not equipping the army,
airforce, navy, and the police with up to date equipments and not paying service
men and women with livable wages.
Thank goodness, the ongoing “if you Obasanjo me I go Abubakar you” fight
involving the president and the vice president has revealed the inner workings
of the present administration, in terms of the management of the Petroleum
Technology Development Fund (PTDF). As
a result, Nigerians are being exposed to the irresponsible manner in which
public funds are managed. While public
funds are used irresponsibly to execute personal pet projects, government
institutions and the state are starved of needed funds. The result is that the country is
malnourished financially, economically, infrastructurally, socially, and
spiritually. The army, airforce, navy,
and the police are mirror images of their former selves. Nigeria’s airports are substandard by any
modern standard of airport design and construction. The domestic airline industry is a dumping
ground for reactivated old planes that the original owners had sent to the junk
yard. Thus, flying in any plane,
whether civilian or military in Nigeria, is a very risky proposition since one
cannot be sure of its age.
Frustrated by the social cancer that has wrecked tremendous havoc on the
Nigeria Police Force, the Inspector General of Police, Sunday Ehindero,
courageously told the National Assembly that:
“the
situation was so bad that the police had to make do with a
caterpillar’s
tyre for its armoured vehicle because there
were no spare tyres...Other problems
of the
police he listed were: logistics problem, recruitment of criminals into
the
organisation, refusal of his men to carry out orders which he called part
of
logistics problems and the proliferation of arms in the country
especially by
politicians” (Jamiu, September 19, 2006).
The Inspector General’s concern about the police was corroborated by a
junior police officer who bemoaned:
“what
prompted me to join the police? I am
tired of this job, everyday, the
public
will abuse you, the police will abuse you and at the end of the month
your
salary
is nothing to write home about...I have gone to the station to lodge a
complaint about how I was robbed of my two phones
in my car in a holed-up at
9:30p.m. by some teenagers. After writing my statement, the Investigating
Police
Officer told me if I see the boys who robbed me
again, I should bring them to the station.
I quietly left the station because I knew I was in the wrong place”
(Ibid).
As can be seen, after more than forty years of
independence, Nigeria still does not have an effective national meteorological
service that can provide reliable weather information to both military and
civilian aviation in the country.
Likewise, it appears that neither the Airforce nor the Army has a
functioning meteorological service that can guide military operations. Otherwise, the Dornier 228 military plane
would have been diverted to another flight path.
Due to lack of technological wherewithal in the society at large and in
the armed and police forces, in particular, as repeatedly revealed by
ineffective search and rescue operations during crashes and boat accidents in
the waterways, one wonders why Nigeria’s decision makers named their military
units with names that signify technological sophistication when the forces are
barely technologized?. For instance, the
use of the term “mechanized” is deceitful since there is not much one can point
to as a technological feat in the Nigerian armed forces. A military force that is indeed mechanized
would have essential technological equipments or devices, including planes,
helicopters, gun boats, cruisers, destroyers, mobile medical clinics, trucks,
armed personnel carriers, tanks, communication tools, radar systems etc. in
sufficient quantity and readily available spare parts to refurbish damaged
equipments that would enable it to perform effectively. Similarly, its personnel would be
sufficiently trained to operate various equipments without much problem. It is obvious that Nigeria’s armed forces are
not mechanized in the true sense of the term since the forces are highly
under-equipped in every level imaginable.
The mere possession of some tanks and armoured personnel carriers is not
enough to characterize a military force as “mechanized.” It creates a false sense of technological
advancement. Moreover, most military
equipments in Nigeria today are still imported, unlike in Israel or India or
Brazil or China or even Iran. How can an
army be mechanized when most equipments in its possession are imported from
other countries?
If the army and airforce were mechanized, they would have in their
possessions all kinds of technological gadgets to pinpoint location of plane
crashes, rush in troops and secure the locations to conduct immediate search and
rescue operations. If the Army and the Navy were mechanized, they would have
been equipped to operate smoothly in the Niger Delta. It is obvious, they do not have the tools to
do so, hence, are, increasingly relying on the assistance of United States and
Britain to supply them boats to facilitate operations in the region. If the Police forces were well equipped, they
would have been able to return fire for fire with armed robbers.
It is reasonable to say that the armed forces and the police are severely
under-equipped due to massive corruption in the budget allocation system. Quite often, funds allocated for equipment
purchase are insufficient to meet the technological needs of the forces. In addition, substantial parts of the budget
allocations are privatized, thereby, ending in the pockets of those who are
strategically placed to make purchasing decisions. During the trial of former Inspector General
of the Police, Tafa Balogun, it was revealed that he used police funds for his
personal investments. It could also be
recalled that in the 1980s and 1990s, the Navy was ravaged by massive looting of
its funds by those who were supposed to make purchasing decisions.
These facts indicate that while Nigerian leaders speak passionately about
the security of the nation, their actions regarding the management of public
funds and the equipping of the forces show that either they are hypocrites or
have no understanding of what national security means. Otherwise, they would have been seriously
committed to wiping out corruption, especially the embezzlement of public
funds. It is obvious, as the “if you
Obasanjo me I go Abubakar you” affair
shows, Nigeria’s political leaders are mired in
circumstances that bordered on corruption, hence, cannot fight
corruption. The armed and police forces
are victimized by corruption.
The only luck going for Nigeria, in terms of national
security, is that Nigerian soldiers are some of the best fighting men and women
in the world, despite the hardship placed on them by lack of attention,
maintenance and equipment. Nigeria’s
armed and police personnel work in very difficult, almost hostile
environment. They are expected to give
100 percent of themselves without the money and the tools to do so
effectively.
4. Due to conflicting political
interests emanating from the effects of corruption, it appears that President
Olusegun Obasanjo is increasingly unsure about the war on
corruption.
First, President Olusegun Obasanjo deserves to be congratulated by every
Nigerian for raising consciousness about corruption in the country. Second, he also deserves congratulations for
setting the machinery through which the Economic and Financial Crimes
Commission (EFCC) and the Independent
Corrupt Practices Commission were set up to probe, indict, and prosecute
Nigerians who are suspected to have embezzled public funds. Third, he deserves the appreciation of the
Nigerian people for reducing the nation’s foreign debt. However, it seems that the president is not
sure of what direction to follow in prosecuting the war against corruption. The following presidential posturing and
actions create doubt as to his sincerity:
a. President Obasanjo seems to be
very vengeful. He does not tolerate
opposition or constructive criticism. He
does not also forgive and forget. As a
result, it appears that the war against corruption is being waged against his
opponents while his friends and relatives are not or barely investigated. As soon as a prominent Nigerian is viewed as
opposed to the president, the EFCC is directed to probe the person. Look at the effort the federal government is
making to strip Vice President Atiku Abubakar of any dignity. The government is going so far as to document
the indictment of the vice president in the national gazette even before the
case is prosecuted. This means that the vice president is technically already
considered to be guilty of the alleged crime.
The documentation in the gazette is designed to prevent the vice
president from contesting the 2007 presidential election. In this matter, Nigerians must be grateful
that Atiku did not remain quiet like others. By releasing critical financial
information about the Petroleum Technology Development Fund to the public,
Nigerians now understand better what is going on. Due to the revelations, Dr. Ahmadu Ali, a
chieftain of the PDP, returned the sum of N5 million which was donated to
his “Ahmadu Ali Endowment Fund. Atiku’s revelations have resulted in the call
for the probing of both the president and the vice president (Ogbodo &
Ebiri, September 22, 2006). Chief Gani
Fawehinmi wants the Code of Conduct Bureau to charge the president for violating
the Code of Conduct of Public officials in his business dealings with the
Trans-National Corporation (Transcorp) through the Obasanjo Holding Limited (OHL) (Akosile, October
05.2006).
b. Chief DSP Alamieyeseigha of Bayelsa State and Joshua
Dariye of Plateau State are in the same legal category. Both were charged for money laundering. Both were caught in London, England. Both fled to Nigeria to escape facing
prosecution in England. Yet, they are
treated differently by the EFCC. The
EFCC rushed in troops and the police to arrest Alamieyeseigha in Bayelsa State
and removed him as the governor of the state.
The EFCC immediately filed a case against him and have him detained while
trying to prosecute him. The EFCC has
not rushed troops to arrest Mr. Dariye.
Instead, due process seems to be applied to in his case.
c. The manner in which the
president reshuffles his cabinet reinforces his manipulative tendencies. In particular, the unceremonious removal of
Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the Finance Minister, at a time in which her services
are most needed as this administration begins to wind down its presence. She was one of those who spoke about
corruption in the country. She was
probably the first to mention that the IMF had submitted a report listing the
names of Nigerians who had probably embezzled public funds. If there is one person that the president
needs to have around as he begins to prepare his hand over, it is Dr.
Okonjo-Iweala, yet, he sent her away without any explanation, thereby, fueling
the conspiratorial theory that she was sent away because she probably knew too
much about the financial operations of this administration. Indeed, as soon as she was transferred to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, she detected unexplainable financial
transactions. Perhaps, frustrated by
the system and the way the president does things, she quit.
d. The president’s commentary on
the report which Mallam Ribadu, the Chairman of the EFCC, submitted to the
National Assembly, created the impression that the president was not too pleased
with the revelation that 31 governors were being investigated and many could
face prosecution. As the leader who
initiated the anticorruption war, he would have spoken in total support of the
EFCC Report to the National Assembly, instead of creating doubt about the
veracity of the evidence gathered against the public officials. His reaction threw mud at the EFCC effort,
thereby, encouraging the public’s believability of Col. Abubakar Umar’s
statement:
“Chief
Olusegun Obasanjo’s tenure is marked by an all-time high
government
revenue
earnings but a tenure, which coincides with an unprecedented
destitution
among
the broad masses. The minimum action a
successor government would
take is
to ask Chief Olusegun to proffer some explanations. So, presumably, it is
likely
that the President would rather die in office than face the disgrace of
justice
which
his successor may have to dispense for his ineptitude and his
many
transgressions” (Edomaruse, September 21, 2006).
e. Like Gen.
Babangida, President Obasanjo rules through manipulation. This creates uncertainty and poison’s the
democratic process. Consequently, his
manipulative style adds fuel to the conspiratorial theory that the government
was responsible for ‘doing something’ to end the officers lives, just as
Babangida’s manipulative tactics added so much fuel to various conspiratorial
theories.
f. It is sad that the president
did not realize that used planes are dangerous to the safety of Nigerians until
high ranking military officers paid with their lives in a plane crash. President Obasanjo and his advisers must have
known that most planes flying in Nigeria are really not airworthy, yet, no
effort was made either through legislation or policy to stop the practice of
government officials and commercial airline owners buying junk
planes.
To save Nigeria and boost its national security, it is imperative that
corruption is eradicated or minimized.
Therefore, if the president shows any wavering in his commitment to the
war, Mallam Nuhu Ribadu should try to garner support from the Nigerian populace
and those in the National Assembly who support the war against corruption to
continue the war. Similarly, civil
society organizations which have not been tainted must render their assistance
to the EFCC in order to perpetuate the war against the social evil. Mallam Ribadu cannot afford to fail in the
effort to rid Nigeria of the deadly social disease. If he fails, there will be no other
constitutionally acceptable means of attacking the epidemic that has wrecked
tremendous havoc on the country.
As the Buddhists would say, the law of proportion or kharma has catched
up with Nigeria. Planes are crashing
at an alarming rate and the lives of Nigerians are being lost by frequent plane
crashes. The national security of the
nation is filled with holes, hence, it was so easy to have eight or ten generals
sacrificed without any major concern.
More planes will continue to crash and more Nigerians will continue to
die, unless the country is cleaned of corruption.
The fact that some of the surviving victims of the plane crash were flown
to South Africa for medical treatment tells a lot about Nigeria. Why is it that Nigerian leaders find it
exceedingly difficult to build modern hospitals in Nigeria? Why is it that some Nigerian leaders would
build medical facilities in other countries even though Nigeria needs all the
modern medical facilities it can get?
Why is it that many of them prefer to invest in other countries rather
than in Nigeria even though they are the national decision-makers and the
governors of the states of Nigeria? Why
do they send their children to study in other countries and allow Nigerian
universities to die a slow death? Why
is it that Nigerians no longer hear of the medical ingenuity of the country’s
teaching hospitals, such as the University Teaching Hospital (Ibadan), Lagos
University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital
(UNTH) again? In the 1960s and 1970s,
these facilities performed wonders.
It is obvious that plane crashes, whether military or civilian, is
directly related to corruption in the country since used planes are bought most
of the times and their maintenance is always questionable. In an environment filled with corruption, a
plane carrying groups of soldiers can crash either due to misfortune or
premeditated to serve selfish interest of some people. Consequently, an effective national security
system is not possible at the present moment in Nigeria. In this regard, a time may come when armed
fighters in the country would be able to easily overwhelm the national forces in
combat. Right now, if the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta,
Niger Delta Peoples Volunteer Force, Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the
Actualization of Sovereign States of Biafra, the Igbo Peoples Congress, Bakassi
Boys, Arewa Peoples Congress, and other ethnic armed fighters were to join
together to confront the Nigerian Army, the national force will crumble because
many soldiers would choose to join the ethnic fighters against the national
force. The members of the armed and
police forces, it seems, are getting tired of being the sacrificial lambs for
leaders who have no consideration for the national interest and are willing to
sacrifice everyone else so that they can accumulate wealth by any means. Only in Nigeria can eight or ten army
generals perish in a twinkling of an eye.
References
Ajani, J., Ajayi, R. & Ighodaro,J. (September 19, 2006). “ Govt
probes crash.” Vanguard.
http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f119092006.html. 9/19/06.
Akosile, A. (October 5, 2006). “Transcorp shares;Gani
drags Obsanjo yo Conduct Tribunal” This Day.
http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview_php?id=59925.
10/6/06.
China Economic Net. (September 19, 2006). A Military plane crash in Nigeria. http://en.ce.cn/world/Africa/200609/19/20060919...shtml.
10/06/06.
Edomaruse, C. (September 21, 2006).
“Umar: Why presidency is afraid of credible contenders.” This Day.
http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=58843. 9/21/06
Jamiu, H. ( September 19, 2006). “Ehindero’s revelation and the Nigerian
State.” Guardian Newspapers.
http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/editorial_opinion/article03.
9/20/2006.
Ogbodo, J.A>, & Ebiri, K. (September 22. 2006). “Ali returns controversial donations to
PTDF.” Vanguard. http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article)1.
9/22/06.
This Day (September 29, 2006). “Crash: Osborne seeks number reduction for
travelling generals.” http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=59480.
9/29/06.
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